Extended wetting last week will trigger early summer disease development

At the AREC last week an apple scab and cedar-apple rust infection period occurred May 22-23: 24 hr of combined wetting at 60° with 1.14 in. rain. Conditions were similar east of the Blue Ridge in Manassas and Sperryville, but more extreme to the south from Staunton to Roanoke and Floyd and east of the Blue Ridge from the Charlottesville area southward to Lynchburg and Danville. At Winchester, cedar-apple rust galls remain active with more extended wetting periods predicted for this week.

Staunton had two wetting periods of 10 and 42 hr with a total of 0.91 in. rain. In Roanoke, two infection periods totaled 113 hr combined wetting and 10.17 in. rain. The total rainfall in Floyd was 1.92 inches, but with 115 hr of extended wetting. In Albemarle County, combined wetting ranged from 43-55 hr at Crozet, Red Hill and Batesville to 102 hr on Carter Mountain with rainfall totals from 1.3 to 2.6 inches. Lynchburg had 86 hr wetting with 2.95 in rain, Rustburg 114 hr wet with 3.87 in. rain and Danville 89 hr combined wetting with 4.69 in. rain.

In all areas, this extended wetting will contribute to early accumulation of wetting hour totals toward development of sooty blotch and flyspeck. Fortunately, much of the earlier portion of the wetting events was at cooler temperatures not as favorable to rot development, but the latter portion was at warmer temperatures, and occurred after heavy rains would have depleted fungicide residue, making the fruit vulnerable to latent rot infection. This extended wetting was also favorable to secondary scab and late rust infection on foliage, and the extremely long wetting periods can increase the amount of fruit scab.

For purposes of predicting the development of the sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) fungal complex, we record accumulated wetting hours (ACW) from rainfall or dew, starting 10 days after petal fall. The action threshold for SBFS development is 250 ACW. Here is a listing of selected petal fall date and total wetting hour accumulation (ACW) for selected locations: Winchester, May 5, 55 ACW; Staunton, May 5, 133 ACW; Roanoke, Apr 18, 174 ACW; Floyd, Apr 28, 159 ACW; Manassas, Apr 28, 91 ACW; Sperryville Apr 28, 102 ACW; Batesville Apr 18, 164 ACW; Crozet, Apr 18, 138 ACW; Carter Mountain, Apr 18 329 ACW; Red Hill, Apr 18, 150 ACW; Lynchburg, Apr 13, 199 ACW; Rustburg, Apr 13, 201 ACW; Danville, Apr 13, 243 ACW. The action threshold of 250 ACW means that the SBFS fungi would be present on unprotected fruit when the threshold is reached. Lynchburg, Rustburg and Danville are predicted to reach the threshold within the coming week and Carter Mountain has already passed the threshold. ACW is related to wetting from rainfall or dew, and often lower elevations in an orchard accumulate wetting hours more quickly because of wetting from dew, but that obviously is not the case with the higher elevation of Carter Mountain this year.

Apple powdery mildew infection occurs on days without rainfall above 53°, and in the Winchester area we have had 26 days favorable for infection since spores were available on Mar 29. 

Fire blight infection conditions on late bloom May 15; scab and rust infection May 14-15.

Fire blight infection conditions finally occurred at Winchester on late bloom May 15. Below is a cropped graphic from the Maryblyt 7 program.

Graphic from Maryblyt 7, May 18, 2020. Click to enlarge.

While most apple blocks were past bloom in the Winchester area, a few still had some susceptible bloom. The temperature and rainfall data are current through Monday evening, May 18. Predicted weather conditions are shown for May 19-31. The components of fire blight risk are indicated in the columns labeled B (blossoms open), H (degree hours for epiphytic bacterial populations), W (wetting by rain or dew), and T (average daily temperature 60 F or above). For infection to be predicted, wetting must occur after the EIP (epiphytic infection potential) reaches 100 or higher, and this must coincide with an average daily temperature of 60°F or more. Based on recorded temperatures and wetting, the risk column shows the infection was possible wherever bloom was present May 15. Infection aslo would have been possible with wetting May 16-17. The extended outlook through May 31 is shown primarily to track infection development from May 15, but indicates that infection would be possible wherever there is bloom and wetting May 27-31.

The BBS column tracks the appearance of blossom blight symptoms from infection that occurred May 15, which is now predicted for May 27. The CBS column tracks canker blight symptom appearance and predicted canker margin symptoms (CMS, expansion of overwintered cankers) May 16. Further tracking in the CBS column predicts canker blight symptoms when that value reaches 100 May 28.

Under these conditions a Streptomycin application would have been recommended for May 14-15, to protect any late bloom through the infective period. This would particularly include any young and recently planted trees with flowers. Cooler predicted temperatures the next week indicate a decline in risk, but warmer temperatures will again bring the EIP to an infective level May 26. Note that "wetting" can occur with maintenance and thinning applications, so streptomycin should be included in such applications if there is late bloom. Also note that, while bloom may have escaped infection during this unusually low fire blight pressure year at Winchester, expect canker blight and shoot blight symptoms if cankers were allowed to overwinter in trees that had infection last year.

At the AREC last week an apple scab and cedar-apple rust infection period occurred May 14-15: 8 hr wet at 62° with 0.04 in. rain. Similar conditions also extended south to Staunton and east of the Blue Ridge from Manassas to Sperryville. Staunton and Sperryville to the Charlottesville area also had an infection period May 17. At Winchester, cedar-apple rust galls remain active after this wetting event with only 0.04 inches of rain.

Apple powdery mildew infection occurs on days without rainfall above 53°, and in the Winchester area we have had 16 days favorable for infection since spores were available on Mar 29. Secondary mildew symptoms are now quite common on unprotected trees, as are secondary scab and cedar-apple rust lesions.

Extended wetting is predicted for all major fruit production areas in Virginia May 18-22. This wetting will be highly favorable to secondary scab and late rust infection on foliage and will contribute to recorded accumulated wetting hours for development of sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS). For purposes of predicting the development of the SBFS fungal complex, we record accumulated wetting hours from rainfall or dew, starting 10 days after petal fall. This year we will use May 5 as the petal fall date for Winchester, so the start of wetting hour accumulation (ACW) will be from May 15. For the Roanoke area and areas east of the Blue Ridge, we will consider petal fall to have been one week earlier than Winchester, and accumulation of wetting hours will be from May 8. The action threshold for SBFS development is 250 ACW.

Secondary scab infection May 5-6; fire blight infection conditions on late bloom May 15-18.

At Winchester, most apple varieties are well beyond petal fall, but late bloom susceptible to fire blight persists on some late varieties and some recently planted trees. 

At the AREC last week an apple scab infection period occurred May 5-6: 17 hr wet at 47° with 0.18 in. rain. Similar conditions also extended south to Staunton and east of the Blue Ridge from Loudoun County to the Charlottesville area, where infection conditions resulted from a combined wetting period. At Winchester, cedar-apple rust galls and quince rust cankers remain active after this wetting event.

Apple powdery mildew infection occurs on days without rainfall above 53°, and we have had 14 days favorable for infection since spores were available on Mar 29. Below is an example of primary and secondary powdery mildew on Idared apple.

A secondary powdery mildew lesion (bottom left) next to a primary mildew shoot on Idared apple. 

The Winchester area will likely see its first fire blight infection conditions wherever susceptible bloom remains this weekend, May 16-18. Similar conditions exist for all other major fruit producing areas of Virginia, but with some starting on May 15. Blossom infection has already been reported on apples east of the Blue Ridge south of Charlottesville and in southwest Virginia, and on pears in Clarke County from infection that occurred six weeks ago. Below is an example of late bloom that was observed on Goldrush apple in Nelson County last week.

Late bloom and set fruit on Goldrush apple in Nelson County May 7, 2020.

Just to add a footnote about the unusually cool conditions through April and into mid-May that allowed the Winchester area to escape fire blight infection from Mar 30 until the very latest of bloom: The daily mean high temperature for April this year was 60.0° and, since 1928 only three years had a cooler mean daily high temperature, 1935, 1961, and 1966!  Meanwhile, 17 years had a mean April high greater than 70°

Secondary apple scab and rust infection periods April 28 through May 4; fire blight pressure low to moderate in the Winchester area

At Winchester, most apple trees are at petal fall and only later varieties such as Rome Beauty and some young trees are still in bloom. 

At the AREC in the past week we received three apple scab/rust infection periods.  Apr 28: 9 hr wet at 49° with 0.06 in. rain; Apr 29-30: 19 hr wet at 58° with 1.22 in. rain (heavy scab and rusts) and May 3-4: 7 hr wet at 62° with 0.42 in. rain. Cedar-apple rust galls and quince rust cankers remain active after these wetting events, and unprotected apple blossoms and small fruit remain susceptible to quince rust infection, so a follow-up application including an SI fungicide is suggested. On May 4 cedar rust lesions were evident on flower cluster and shoot leaves, from infection that occurred Apr 7-8.

This past week the length of wetting and amounts of rainfall have been somewhat variable across the major commercial fruit production areas of Virginia, but all areas received at least one extended wetting period favorable to secondary scab infection where control was not achieved during earlier primary infection periods. 

Apple powdery mildew infection occurs on days without rainfall above 53°, and we have had 12 days favorable for infection since spores were available on Mar 29. Expect secondary powdery mildew symptoms to begin appearing in the next week or so.

In the Winchester area, fire blight pressure has been mostly low to moderate on apples that first bloomed Mar 30, and that trend continues for late blooming apples through the coming week, However, fire blight blossom symptoms were reported on early blooming Asian pears Apr 27 in Clarke County. Also blossom infection (shown below) was also evident in young apple trees in central Virginia, apparently from infection that occurred Mar 29.

Blossom blight symptoms in central VA, May 2, 2020. Infection probably occurred Mar 29.